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websites are not only be accessed by computers with a large screen.
They were mostly accessed via mobile devices such as tablets and
smartphones that relatively have smaller screen size. Almost every
website has their different style and visual appearance concerning
content and information delivery. Even though they were visually looked
different, they were mostly designed and developed by using one of one
column, two columns, or three columns layout. The way to properly
deliver content and information on a smaller screen size becomes a
challenging matter. Responsive Web Design approach allows a single web
page to be differently visualized based on the screen size of the
accessing device. Such layout changing may affect the amount of
information to be displayed on the screen, hence affecting the
effectiveness and efficiency of information delivery in a web page. This
study compares the effectiveness and efficiency of a web page that is
being displayed on a computer screen, tablet, and smartphones. How the
implementation of Materials Design Guidelines and User-Centered Design
approaches in the design process may affect the effectiveness and
efficiency of content and information delivery of a web page on smaller
screens were also evaluated and presented. This research shows that User
Centered Design and Material Design Guidelines improve the
effectiveness and efficiency of content delivery on both tablet and
smartphone. Materials Design Guidelines provide better usability
improvement than User Centered Design approach for the smartphone screen
regarding content delivery efficiency for web pages designed in three
columns layout.
A heavy cognitive load may hinder information processing, perception of stimuli and learning intended as study and memorization, particularly during complex activities that require to process a lot of information . Some recent studies have pointed out that the Web generally requires a high cognitive effort and, therefore, it is often the cause of cognitive load increase . Therefore, in terms of cognitive load theory, in order to maximize usability and accessibility of a website it is important to minimize cognitive effort, taking the role and limitations of working memory into account. Recent studies have pointed out that the Web imposes a high cognitive load, that increases when web pages become more difficult to use or to understand .
Some studies have also demonstrated that is possible to decrease the cognitive load of Web browsing by following some specific rule sets and guidelines . Some of them derive from the application of the cognitive load theory, highlighting how the crucial element to ensure that a website would be easy to use for visitors is the simplicity and the sole presence of essential elements . Dumas and Redish observed that “usability means that people who use the product can perform their tasks in a simple and fast way”. This includes the presentation of information in a clear way, so that users browsing a website would not lose too much time in trying and finding what they need.
